Flexible Intramedullary Nailing of Forearm Fractures at the Distal Metadiaphyseal Junction in Adolescents

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the radiographic and functional outcomes of flexible intramedullary (IM) nailing in adolescent patients with forearm fractures at the diaphysis or at the metadiaphyseal junction (MDJ). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the results of 40 patients who underwent IM nailing for pediatric forearm fractures. Thirty males and 10 females were followed for an average of 16 months (range, 12 to 20 months). Their average age was 11 years (range, 10 to 16 years). The average duration from the onset of trauma to surgery was 3.8 days (range, 1 to 36 days). Fracture sites were located at the MDJ of the radius in 8 patients (MDJ group) while 32 patients had middle-third fractures (D group). We assessed the magnitude and location of the maximum radial bow and range of movements. Functional outcomes were evaluated using Daruwalla criteria. RESULTS: Open reduction was carried out in 8 cases. Union was achieved at an average of 8.3 weeks postoperatively. The results were classified as good in 38 and excellent in 2 according to Daruwalla criteria with restoration of forearm rotation. The mean angulation at the last follow-up was 1.8° on the anteroposterior radiograph and 3.3° on the lateral radiograph (MDJ group: 1.8° and 2.1°, respectively; D group: 1.9° and 2.8°, respectively). There was no significant difference in the mean angulation between the groups. The mean magnitude of maximal radial bow was 5.7% ± 1.8% (MDJ group, 5.2% ± 0.8%; D group, 5.9% ± 1.9%). The mean location of maximal radial bow was 58.0% ± 8.8% (MDJ group, 56.4% ± 8.9%; D group, 58.6% ± 8.9%). The differences in the mean magnitude and location of maximal radial bow with the normal contralateral arms (7.0% ± 1.2% and 50.9% ± 6.0%, respectively) were not significantly different between the groups. Complications included superficial infection (2), delayed union (1), and refracture (1). CONCLUSIONS: IM nail fixation provided satisfactory results and maintained adequate stability for both forearm bone fractures in adolescents, even though the fracture was located at the MDJ of the radius.

Development of Smartphone Application for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Case Management in Patients with Schizophrenia / 대한정신분열병학회지

OBJECTIVES: This article aims to describe the development of smartphone application for the case management of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Gwangju Bukgu-Community Mental Health Center developed and launched a smartphone application (HYM) for cognitive-behavioral case management and symptom monitoring. The development of the application involved psychiatrists, nurses, social workers, psychologists, and software technicians from a software development company (Goosl Corp.). RESULTS: The HYM application for clients includes six main modules including Thought record, Symptom record, Daily life record, Official notices, Communication, and Scales. The key module is the 'Thought Record' for self-directed cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT). When the client writes and sends the self-CBT sheet to the case manager, the latter receives a notification and can provide feedback in real time. 'Communication' and 'Official notices' are useful for promoting communication between case managers and clients with schizophrenia. Ratings in 'Symptom record', 'Daily life record', and 'Scales' modules are stored in graphic or table form representing changes in them and shared with case managers. CONCLUSION: The interactive function of this application is the key characteristics that distinguishes it from other mobile self-treatment tools. This smartphone application may contribute to the development of a youth- and customer-friendly case management system for individuals with early psychosis.

Development of a Korean Version of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive symptoms are an important component of depression and the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression is one of only a few instruments available for the subjective assessment of cognitive dysfunction in depression. Thus, the present study aimed to validate a Korean version of the PDQ-D (K-PDQ-D) using patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: This study included 128 MDD patients who were assessed at study entry and 86 of these patients were then completed 12 weeks of antidepressant monotherapy. All subjects were assessed with the K-PDQ-D, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), the EuroQol-5 dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D), and the number of sick leave days taken in the previous week. The internal consistency, Guttman's split-half and test-retest reliabilities, factorial analyses, and concurrent and predictive validities of the K-PDQ-D were investigated. RESULTS: The K-PDQ-D exhibited excellent internal consistency and reliabilities, and was composed of four factors with high coefficients of determination. The concurrent validity analyses revealed that the K-PDQ-D scores were significantly correlated with the MADRS, SDS, and EQ-5D scores and the number of sick leave days taken. The K-PDQ-D scores at study entry significantly predicted changes in sick leave days and EQ-5D score from study entry to the 12-week endpoint. CONCLUSION: The newly developed K-PDQ-D is a reliable and valid instrument for the evaluation of subjective cognitive symptoms in MDD patients. The K-PDQ-D may assist in the gathering of unique information regarding subjective cognitive complaints, which is important for the comprehensive evaluation of patients with MDD.

Transcriptional profiling in human HaCaT keratinocytes in response to kaempferol and identification of potential transcription factors for regulating differential gene expression

Kaempferol is the major flavonol in green tea and exhibits many biomedically useful properties such as antioxidative, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic activities. To elucidate its effects on the skin, we investigated the transcriptional profiles of kaempferol-treated HaCaT cells using cDNA microarray analysis and identified 147 transcripts that exhibited significant changes in expression. Of these, 18 were up-regulated and 129 were down-regulated. These transcripts were then classified into 12 categories according to their functional roles: cell adhesion/cytoskeleton, cell cycle, redox homeostasis, immune/defense responses, metabolism, protein biosynthesis/modification, intracellular transport, RNA processing, DNA modification/ replication, regulation of transcription, signal transduction and transport. We then analyzed the promoter sequences of differentially-regulated genes and identified over-represented regulatory sites and candidate transcription factors (TFs) for gene regulation by kaempferol. These included c-REL, SAP-1, Ahr-ARNT, Nrf-2, Elk-1, SPI-B, NF-kappaB and p65. In addition, we validated the microarray results and promoter analyses using conventional methods such as real-time PCR and ELISA-based transcription factor assay. Our microarray analysis has provided useful information for determining the genetic regulatory network affected by kaempferol, and this approach will be useful for elucidating gene-phytochemical interactions.

Transcriptome analysis and promoter sequence studies on early adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells

To identify regulatory molecules which play key roles in the development of obesity, we investigated the transcriptional profiles in 3T3-L1 cells at early stage of differentiation and analyzed the promoter sequences of differentially regulated genes. One hundred and sixty-one (161) genes were found to have significant changes in expression at the 2nd day following treatment with differentiation cocktail. Among them, 86 transcripts were up-regulated and 75 transcripts were down-regulated. The 161 transcripts were classified into 10 categories according to their functional roles; cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, immune, defense response, metabolism, protein modification, protein metabolism, regulation of transcription, signal transduction and transporter. To identify transcription factors likely involved in regulating these differentially expressed genes, we analyzed the promoter sequences of up- or -down regulated genes for the presence of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). Based on coincidence of regulatory sites, we have identified candidate transcription factors (TFs), which include those previously known to be involved in adipogenesis (CREB, OCT-1 and c-Myc). Among them, c-Myc was also identified by our microarray data. Our approach to take advantage of the resource of the human genome sequences and the results from our microarray experiments should be validated by further studies of promoter occupancy and TF perturbation.

cDNA Microarray Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Gastric Cancer Cells Sensitive and Resistant to 5-Fluorouracil and Cisplatin / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of gastric cancer. However, a significant number of tumors often fail to respond to chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in gastric cancer the gene expression in gastric cancer cells, which were either sensitive or resistant to 5-FU and cisplatin, were examined using cDNA microarray analysis. To confirm the differential gene expression, as determined using the microarray, semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed on a subset of differentially expressed cDNAs. RESULTS: 69 and 45 genes, which were either up-regulated (9 and 22 genes) or down-regulated (60 and 25 genes), were identified in 5-FU- and cisplatin-resistant cells, respectively. Several genes, such as adaptor-related protein complex 1 and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3, were up-regulated in both drug-resistant cell types. Several genes, such as the ras homolog gene family, tropomyosin, tumor rejection antigen, protein disulfide isomerase-related protein, melanocortin 1 receptor, defensin, cyclophilin B, dual specificity phosphatase 8 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, were down-regulated in both drug-resistant cell types. CONCLUSION: These findings show that cDNA microarray analysis can be used to obtain gene expression profiles that reflect the effect of anticancer drugs on gastric cancer cells. Such data may lead to the assigning of signature expression profiles of drug-resistant tumors, which may help predict responses to drugs and assist in the design of tailored therapeutic regimens to overcome drug resistance.

Research of New Biomarker for Breast Cancer Using Proteomic Patterns / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: Early detection and treatment of cancer is a primary focus of health care. Many serum markers are available for breast cancer, but are not good enough for screening. Cancer antigen CA 15-3 is the most widely used biomarker for breast cancer. However, CA 15-3 has low sensitivity and specificity. This study was performed to analyze the serum proteomic pattern in breast cancer patients by surface-enhanced laser desoption/ionization time- of-flight (SELDI-TOF). METHODS: We screened for potential tumor biomarkers in 42 serum samples, including samples from a group of 23 breast cancer patients at different clinical stages [stage I (n=3), stage II (n=11), stage III (n=6), and stage IV (n=1)], and a control group of 19 healthy women. Diluted serum samples were applied to a C16 hydrophobic interaction chip (H4). Complex protein profiles of different groups were compared and analyzed using the Protein Chip software 2.1 (Ciphergen Biosystems). RESULTS: There were 7 significant protein peaks in the breast cancer group and 5 in the control group. Scoring the expression of each peak, the mean score was 8.5 in the cancer group and 3.5 in the control. The results of the combination of each peak were highly sensitive (91.2%) and specific (94.7%). These proteomic patterns did not correlate with tumor stage and hormonal receptor, c-erb B2. CONCLUSION: In this preliminary report, we identified protein profiles that were differentiated in breast cancer patients. After proper validation, serum proteomic pattern analysis may ultimately be applied in screening breast cancer as a stand-alone or combined with current options.

Comparison of the Result of Lumbar Posterolateral Bone Fusion using Autogenous Bone Graft with Allobone Graft

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze clinical outcome of lumbar spinal fusion with autobone graft and with allobone graft as an additional autograft extender. METHODS: Fifty two patients who underwent lumbar posterolateral arthrodesis for degenerative lumbar diseases between February, 1998 and October, 2000 were evaluated. Arthrodesis was performed by transpedicular screw fixation. We used autogenous bone graft in 32 cases (Group A) and allobone graft in 20 cases (group B). Post operative radiographs were obtained to review the resorption of graft bone and the evidence of fusion. A modified Lenke scale was used to assess the status of the fusion. RESULTS: There were 17 men and 35 women. Mean follow up period was 12 months. According to the modified Lenke scale, spinal bone fusion rate was 93.75% in the group A and 85% in the groub B. CONCLUSION: Lumbar spinal fusion using allobone graft is favorably good compare to autobone graft.

The Differential Gene Expression Profiles between Sensitive and Resistant Breast Cancer Cells to Adriamycin by cDNA Microarray / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Adriamycin(R) is one of the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of breast cancer. This study was performed to understand the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have analyzed the MCF-7 breast cell line and its adriamycin-resistant variants, MCF-7/ADR using human 10 K element cDNA microarrays. RESULTS: We defined 68 genes that were up-regulated (14 genes) or down-regulated (54 genes) in adriamycin resistant breast cancer cells. Several genes, such as G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5, phospholipase A2, guanylate cyclase 1, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase 1 are up-regulated in drug resistant cells. Several genes, such as interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27, forkhead box M1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 6, regulator of mitotic spindle assembly 1 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily are down-regulated in adriamycin resistant cells. The altered expression of genes observed in microarray was verified by RT-PCR. CONCLUSION: These findings show that cDNA microarray analysis can be used to obtain gene expression profiles reflecting the effect of anticancer drugs on breast cancer cells. Such data may lead to the assigning of signature expression profiles of drug-resistant tumors which may help predict responses to drugs and assist in the design of tailored therapeutic regimens to overcome drug resistance.

Effects of Reduction in Surgical Treatment of Low Grade Spondylolisthesis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of reduction on postoperative results in patients with low grade spondylolisthesis, the authors retrospectively analyze ninety three patients managed surgically. METHODS: Ninety three patients with low grade spondylolisthesis underwent surgery were classified into two groups. Reduction was obtained in one group and not obtained in the other group. The clinical severity was assessed with Prolo's grade and radiological severity was measured with simple lateral radiographs(static and dynamic views). The patients were followed for a mean of 18.6 months(range 9 to 21 months). RESULTS: All patients were treated with decompression, instrumentation, and bone graft. Reduction was done in fifty eight patients and not in thirty five cases. Overall postoperative clinical results(Prolo's grade) were not statistically different in both groups. CONCLUSION: In surgical management of spondylolisthesis, decompression and stabilization with instrumentation and bone graft provide good clinical outcome. In cases of low grade spondylolisthesis, reduction performed additionally has no advantage on clinical outcome.

Atlantoaxial Instability due to Hypoplasia of the Odontoid Process

The authors present a case of a 39-year old man, admitted with neck pain and tingling sensation on his right upper extremity. On radiological investigation, atlantoaxial instability due to odontoid process hypoplasia and mild upper cervical cord compression by abnormal soft tissue were revealed. We performed posterior C1-2 transarticular screw fixation with posterior bone graft and could obtain good postoperative result.

Stable Hepatocyte Engraftment after Hepatocyte Transplantation Using Biodegradable Injectable Polymer / 대한이식학회지

PURPOSE: Whole liver transplantation, an effective therapy for many inherited and acquired hepatic disorders, has limitations including donor shortage and fatal surgical complications. Hepatocyte transplantation, which is simpler and less expensive than whole liver transplantation, allows the use of living related donors, permits the use of a single donor organ for multiple recipients, and makes possible the cryopreservation of hepatocytes for future use. However, choosing a proper scaffold for hepatocytes hampers wide use of hepatocyte transplantation. We performed hepatocyte transplantation using biodegradable injectable polymers, fabricated form poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres, as scaffolds to evaluate their effectiveness. METHODS: Female, five week old FVB mice, were prepared for donors, and four male, five week old nude mice, were used for recipients. Liver cells were isolated from FVB donors. The cell viability exceeded 95% as assessed by trypan blue exclusion method. For three nude mice, 2X10(6) cells resuspended in 200micro liter medium were mixed with 200micro liter PLGA microspheres, and were injected into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse. One nude mouse was transplanted with 2X10(6) cells resuspended in 200micro liter medium only, and it served as a negative control. Specimens were retrieved at one week, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS: In the negative control, all transplanted hepatocytes disappeared at one week. In mice transplanted both microspheres and hepatocytes, conglomerates, which contained hepatocytes, were observed in the peritoneal cavity, The hepatocytes were identified by H and E staining and immunohistochemistry using anti- hepatocyte antibody. CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, stable hepatocyte engraftment was achieved in hepatocyte transplantation with PLGA microspheres, but not in hepatocyte transplantation only. More studies on comparison between sponge-type scaffolds and injectable scaffolds would be necessary. Improvement on both initial vascularization and proliferation of transplanted hepatocytes is a target of our future work.

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) promotes the differentiation of hippocampal precursor cells to a neuronal lineage, especially to a glutamatergic neural cell type

Rat hippocampal precursor cells isolated from hippocampi of embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) rat embryos were found to proliferate in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor. Addition of soluble neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) to these precursor cells reduced cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner and enhanced the induction of precursor cells' differentiation to the neuronal lineage. Given these findings that NCAM induces the differentiation of hippocampal precursor cells, we investigated possible effects of NCAM on the expression of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors during the differentiation. Soluble NCAM upregulated the transcription of bHLH transcription factors, neurogenin1 and NeuroD, but decreased HES5. Western blot analysis showed that NCAM increased the expression levels of CaMKII, p-MAPK, GluR1 and NR1 but decreased p-STAT3. These results support a role for NCAM in the inhibition of proliferation and the induction of neural differentiation of hippocampal neural precursor cells, and act as developmental regulators of the bHLH families, ultimately leading to the generation of glutamatergic neural cell types in the differentiation of hippocampal precursor cells.

Effect of local background intensities in the normalization of cDNA microarray data with a skewed expression profiles

Normalization of the data of cDNA microarray is an obligatory step during microarray experiments due to the relatively frequent non-specific errors. Generally, normalization of microarray data is based on the null hypothesis and variance model. In the Yang's model (Yang et al., 2001), at least two types of noises are included. The one is additive noise and the other is multiplicative noise. Usually, background is considered as one of additive noise to the signal and the variation between the signal pixels is the representative multiplicative noise. In this study, the relation between the signal (spot intensity minus background intensity) and background was observed and the influence of background on normalization as a representative additive factor was investigated. Although the relation has not been considered as a factor affecting the normalization, it could improve the accuracy of microarray data when the normalization was carried out considering signal/background ratio. The background dependent normalization decreased the number of genes whose expression levels were changed significantly and it could make their distribution more consistent through the whole range of signal intensities. In this study, printing pin dependent normalization was also carried out regarding the printing pin as a representative multiplicative noise. It improved the distribution of spots in the Cy3-Cy5 scatter plot, but its effect was slight. These studies suggest that there are some influences of the signals on the local backgrounds and they must be considered for the normalization of cDNA microarray data.

The functional domains of dopamine transporter for cocaine analog, CFT binding

Cocaine analogue, CFT (2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl) tropane) binding to dopamine transporter (DAT) in different species is quite heterogeneous. CFT is scarcely detected in bovine DAT whereas it is conspicuous in humans. To examine the structural basis for this functional discrepancy, we analyzed transporter chimeras of these two DATs. The CFT binding activities are avid in all of the chimeric DATs of which both of the 3rd and the 6-8th transmembrane domain (TM) are composed of human DAT sequences. On the contrary, CFT binding activities were scarcely detected if either or both of two regions are replaced with bovine sequences. These findings indicate that the CFT binding absolutely requires human DAT sequences, at least, in the regions encompassing the 3rd and 6-8th transmembrane domain (TM), and that these regions might contribute to form the 3-dimensional pocket for CFT binding.

Clinical Impacts of Tumor Cell Contamination of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Products in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients undergoing Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: Multicenter Trial

To determine whether the tumor cell contamination of peripheral blood stem cells influences clinical impacts on high-dose chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer, we analyzed carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA in the apheresis products by nested RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction). A total of 38 metastatic breast cancer patients and ten normal healthy subjects as a negative control were included. Twenty out of 38 (51.3%) apheresis products from patients with metastatic breast cancer were positive for CEA mRNA. CEA mRNA was noted in 54.8% (17/31) of patients mobilized with chemotherapy plus G-CSF and 42.8% (3/7) of patients with G-CSF alone. There was no significant difference in age, estrogen receptor, menopausal status, mobilization method, disease free interval, or number of metastasis sites (1 vs >/=2) between positive and negative groups. The presence of CEA mRNA in apheresis products did not influence the time to progression and overall survival in both groups. However, both the univariate and the multivariate analysis disclosed that the number of metastasis was associated with survival significantly. We suggest that the tumor cell contamination does not predict poor treatment outcome in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer using RT-PCR and its clinical implications

To investigate the relationship between the presence of circulating tumor cells in different stages of gastrointestinal tract cancer and the subsequent relapse or distant metastasis, circulating levels of CEA mRNA was serially examined at an interval of 10.6+/-4.5 or 13.7+/-3.0 months in gastric or colorectal cancer patients, respectively. CEA mRNA was measured by means of RT-PCR amplification as an indicator for micrometastatic malignant cells. Seven of twenty-nine respectable gastric cancer patients (24.1%) [EGC: 2/9 (22.2%), AGC IIIa: 1/5 (20.0%), AGC IIIb: 4/15 (26.6%)] were positive for CEA mRNA on the initial test and 10 of 29 patients (34.4%) [EGC: 2/ 9 (22.2%), AGC IIIa: 1/5 (20.0%), AGC IIIb: 7/15 (46.7%)] were positive on a follow-up test. Only in AGC IIIb, the positive rate for CEA mRNA increased about twice and 6 of 7 positive cases (85.7%) relapsed within 2.6+/-2.4 months after the follow-up test. In colorectal cancer, 4 of 19 patients (21.1%) [B2: 1/6 (16.7%), C2: 3/13 (23.0%)] were positive on the initial test and 10 of 19 patients (52.6%) [B2: 4/6 (66.7%), C2: 6/13 (46.2%)] were positive on a follow-up test showing an increase in positive rates during a follow-up, however, no significant correlation between CEA mRNA positivity and subsequent relapse was demonstrated. These results suggest that an early tumor cell dissemination may occur in gastrointestinal tract cancer without subsequent relapse, however, the serial regular examination of CEA mRNA level may contribute to predicting a subsequent relapse in AGC IIIb in gastric cancer.

A novel method using edge detection for signal extraction from cDNA microarray image analysis

Gene expression analyses by probes of hybridization from mRNA to cDNA targets arrayed on membranes or activated glass surfaces have revolutionized the way of profiling mega level gene expression. The main remaining problems however are sensitivity of detection, reproducibility and data processing. During processing of microarray images, especially irregularities of spot position and shape could generate significant errors: small regions of signal spots can be mis-included into background area and vice versa. Here we report a novel method to eliminate such obstacles by sensing their edges. Application of edge detection technology on separating spots from the background decreases the probability of the errors and gives more accurate information about the states of spots such as the pixel number, degree of fragmentation, width and height of spot, and circumference of spot. Such information can be used for the quality control of cDNA microarray experiments and filtering of low quality spots. We analyzed the cDNA microarray image that contains 10,368 genes using edge detection and compared the result with that of conventional method which draws circle around the spot.

Detection of Malignant Cells in Pleural Fluid or Ascites by CD44v8-10/CD44v10 competitive RT-PCR

BACKGROUND: CD44 is a cell surface adhesion molecule which has been implicated in various biologic functions as lymphocyte homing and activation, cellular migration and extracellular matrix adhesion. Over-expression of CD44v8- 10 has been found in several cancers and is considered to be associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, a novel molecular method, CD44v8- 10/CD44v10 competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) has been developed for detecting cancer cells over-expressing CD44v8-10. METHODS: We analyzed from benign and malignant pleural effusion and ascites by CD44 competitive RT-PCR and compared to the conventional cytology. RESULTS: The CD44 competitive RT-PCR analysis showed that all the 24 samples associated with benign disease presented a predominant expression of the CD44v10 transcript (v8-10/v10 ratio: 0.126-0.948), whereas 6 of 7 malignant pleural samples associated with cytology positive cancer expressed the CD44v8-10 transcript (v8-10/v10 ratio > 1.00). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that CD44 competitive RT-PCR assay is a useful and adjunct to cytological examination in cancer diagnosis, especially in detecting exfoliated cancer cells in pleural effusion.

Clinical Analysis of Postoperative Prognostic Factors of Cervical Anterior Decompression and Interbody Fusion for Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

No abstract available.